In this paper experimental and analytical explorations of an R-2L-2D circuit were carried out. The responses from the ordinary em RL-Diode and R-2L-2D circuits were characterized and compared for a wide parameter region. As a new circuit, R-2L-2D has an additional inductor and a Diode. The circuit had dierent attractors compared with the ordinary RL-Diode circuit. It was proven that the new circuit exhibited wider chaotic regions on the parameter space (i.e. input voltage, Vf, and frequency, f). Both even and odd subharmonic responses were observed following the multiple periodic doublings. The bifurcation analysis revealed the dominance of feeding frequency by means of the center manifold theory. However, periodic and chaotic attractors diered for each circuit. In fact, the new circuit generated symmetric trajectories. A detailed investigation proved that the chaotic responses in the proposed circuit could start at the peak-to-peak voltage of Vf=1: 35 V, at frequency 40 kHz, which was nearly half of the frequency value found for the ordinary circuit. Besides, a wide range of chaotic behavior was observed beyond Vf=0: 675 V and f=200 kHz. Chaotic trajectories dominated the dynamics up to f=500 kHz.

Background and Objectives: To overcome the disadvantages of the traditional two-level inverters, especially in electric drive applications, multi-level inverters (MLIs) are the widely accepted solution. Diode-Clamped Inverters (DCIs) are a well-known structure of multi-level inverters. In DCIs, the voltage balance of the DC-link capacitors and the Common Mode (CM) voltage reduction are two important criteria that should be considered. Methods: This paper concentrates on the current control of 3-phase 4-level DCI with finite control set Model predictive control (MPC) strategy. Current tracking performance, DC-link capacitor voltage balance, switching frequency minimization, and CM voltage control have been considered in the objective function of the MPC. Moreover, the multistep prediction method has been applied to improve the performance of the DCI. Results: The effectiveness of the proposed multistep prediction control for the 4-level DCI has been evaluated with different horizon lengths. Moreover, the effect of several values of weighting factors has been studied on the system behavior. Conclusion: Results validate the accuracy of current tracking and voltage balancing in the suggested multistep MPC for the 4-level DCI. In addition, CM voltage control and switching frequency reduction can be included in the predictive control. Decreasing the CM voltage and switching frequency will oppositely affect the dynamic behavior and voltage balancing of the DCI. Therefore, selection of weighting factors depends on the system needs and requirements.

Photovoltaic (PV) panel produces electricity depending on a variety of characteristics, including the PV module Model, design specifications, and ambient circumstances such as temperature and sun irradiation. To analyze and Model the effect of these factors on PV performance, a PV Model is significant to be studied and Modeled in advance. It is desirable to be compatible with the real-physical behavior of the PV panel. This paper presents mathematical Modeling, design, and simulation of the three-Diode Model (3DM) MPPT controller instead of using conventional single/Double Diode PV Models. The proposed PV Model is analyzed, verified, and simulated at various temperature and irradiance levels. Furthermore, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as a multi-objective algorithm is used for the Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT controller to enhance the performance of the module and PV array system. A DC/DC boost converter is combined with the proposed 3DM Model and connected through a resistive load. Results show that adopting PSObased MPPT improves the performance of the PV panel compared to the traditional MPPT and verified the theoretical background.

This paper proposes an effective method for very accurate parameter estimation of single- and DoubleDiode solar cell Models. For this purpose, unknown parameters of Model are estimated by minimization of an objective function using a new highly effective modified version of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is used for parameter estimation of single- and Double-Diode Models and the results are compared, from different aspects, with recently developed related works (including those applied GA, CPSO, PS, SA, IGHS, ABSO, ABC, GGHS, and IADE for this purpose).The proposed algorithm is also compared with other modified explanations of ABC algorithm. The results show that the proposed strategy is considerably faster and more accurate compared to all the previous studies.

Background: Due to its invasiveness and length, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery causes highly excruciating pain in the oropharyngeal area for the patient. There are several ways to reduce this pain, including prescribing painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation by a 940-nm laser on reducing pain in the oropharyngeal area after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients aged 17-40 years who were candidates for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Besat hospital in 2021. All patients in the intervention group underwent the photobiomodulation of the oropharyngeal area with a 940-nm Diode laser immediately after the end of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Sore throat, jaw pain, pain when swallowing, and stridor were recorded in the first to fifth days after surgery. Finally, changes in the mean score of indices were compared within and between the two groups using repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: The mean age of patients in the intervention and control groups was 22. 4 ±,4. 38 and 25. 15 ±,5. 48 years, respectively (P = 0. 09). The pain score in the four areas studied in both intervention and control groups had a decreasing trend over time, which was statistically significant (P < 0. 001). In addition, the difference in the trend between the two groups was statistically significant so that in the intervention group, the decreasing trend was more severe (P < 0. 05). Eventually, a significant interaction was observed between the type of intervention and time in all four areas (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: The results showed that the use of a 940-nm Diode laser led to a significant reduction in all four areas of sore throat, pain when swallowing, and stridor after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.